細胞基因治(zhi)療是生物(wu)醫藥領(ling)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)前沿陣地,它通過(guo)對細胞或基因進行(xing)改造、修飾、調控,來糾正或補(bu)償(chang)因基因缺陷和異常引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)疾(ji)病(bing)(bing),為傳統療法(fa)難(nan)以攻(gong)克的(de)(de)(de)疑難(nan)病(bing)(bing)癥,如(ru)遺傳性疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)、某(mou)些癌癥、自身免疫性疾(ji)病(bing)(bing)等,帶(dai)來了新的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)愈希望。
干(gan)(gan)細胞(bao)療(liao)(liao)法是細胞(bao)基因治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)的重要分(fen)支。干(gan)(gan)細胞(bao)具備自我更(geng)新和多向分(fen)化(hua)潛能(neng),能(neng)分(fen)化(hua)成多種(zhong)功能(neng)細胞(bao),修復(fu)(fu)受(shou)損組織(zhi)和器官。間(jian)充(chong)質干(gan)(gan)細胞(bao)(MSC)是其(qi)中備受(shou)關(guan)注(zhu)的類型,具有免(mian)疫調節、抗炎、促(cu)進組織(zhi)修復(fu)(fu)等(deng)特(te)性(xing)。在臨床應(ying)用(yong)中,MSC 已被嘗試(shi)用(yong)于治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)多種(zhong)疾病,如移植(zhi)物抗宿主病、骨關(guan)節炎、心肌(ji)梗死等(deng),通(tong)過調節免(mian)疫微環境、促(cu)進組織(zhi)再生等(deng)機制發揮(hui)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)作(zuo)用(yong)。
誘(you)導多能干細(xi)胞(bao)(iPSC)細(xi)胞(bao)療(liao)法是另一項(xiang)創(chuang)新性(xing)突(tu)破(po)。iPSC 由成體(ti)細(xi)胞(bao)經重編程獲得,擁有類似胚(pei)胎(tai)干細(xi)胞(bao)的多能性(xing)。它克服了胚(pei)胎(tai)干細(xi)胞(bao)來源(yuan)的倫理問題,可根據患者自身細(xi)胞(bao)定制,降低免疫排(pai)斥風險(xian)。iPSC 能分(fen)化為各類細(xi)胞(bao),用于疾病(bing)建模(mo)、藥物篩選以及(ji)細(xi)胞(bao)移(yi)植治療(liao),為帕(pa)金森病(bing)、糖尿病(bing)等疾病(bing)的治療(liao)帶來新曙(shu)光(guang)。
基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)技術(shu)則是細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)治(zhi)(zhi)療的(de)關鍵支撐。它負責將治(zhi)(zhi)療性(xing)基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)、效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)高地遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)至靶細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)。轉染(ran)試劑是基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)常用工具之一,通過特(te)定(ding)機制將外源基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)導入細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)。基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)技術(shu)面(mian)臨遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)、靶向性(xing)、安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)性(xing)等挑戰,理想的(de)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)系(xi)統需準確地將基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)至病變細(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao),避免脫靶效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)應,同時不(bu)引發免疫反應和(he)毒(du)(du)性(xing)。病毒(du)(du)載(zai)(zai)(zai)體(ti)(如(ru)腺相(xiang)關病毒(du)(du)載(zai)(zai)(zai)體(ti))和(he)非病毒(du)(du)載(zai)(zai)(zai)體(ti)(如(ru)脂質納米顆粒)是目(mu)前主流的(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)(song)載(zai)(zai)(zai)體(ti),科研人員(yuan)不(bu)斷(duan)優化(hua)載(zai)(zai)(zai)體(ti)設計,以提(ti)升基(ji)(ji)(ji)因(yin)治(zhi)(zhi)療的(de)有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)性(xing)和(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)性(xing)。
細胞基因治(zhi)療憑(ping)借干細胞療法、iPSC 細胞療法和(he)基因遞(di)送技術等(deng)不(bu)斷發展(zhan),有望為更多難治(zhi)性(xing)疾(ji)病提(ti)供治(zhi)愈方案,變革未來(lai)醫學(xue)格局。