細胞基因(yin)(yin)治療是(shi)生物醫藥領域的前沿陣地(di),它通過對(dui)細胞或(huo)基因(yin)(yin)進行改造(zao)、修(xiu)飾(shi)、調(diao)控,來糾(jiu)正(zheng)或(huo)補償因(yin)(yin)基因(yin)(yin)缺陷和(he)異(yi)常引起的疾病(bing),為傳(chuan)統療法(fa)難以攻克的疑難病(bing)癥,如遺傳(chuan)性疾病(bing)、某些癌癥、自身(shen)免疫(yi)性疾病(bing)等(deng),帶來了新的治愈希望。
干細(xi)胞療法(fa)是細(xi)胞基因治療的(de)重要分支。干細(xi)胞具(ju)備(bei)自我(wo)更新(xin)和(he)多(duo)向分化潛(qian)能,能分化成多(duo)種功(gong)能細(xi)胞,修復受損(sun)組(zu)織(zhi)和(he)器官。間充(chong)質干細(xi)胞(MSC)是其中(zhong)備(bei)受關注的(de)類型,具(ju)有免疫調(diao)節(jie)、抗(kang)炎(yan)、促(cu)進組(zu)織(zhi)修復等特性。在臨床應用(yong)中(zhong),MSC 已被(bei)嘗試用(yong)于(yu)治療多(duo)種疾(ji)病(bing)(bing),如移(yi)植物抗(kang)宿主病(bing)(bing)、骨關節(jie)炎(yan)、心肌梗死等,通過(guo)調(diao)節(jie)免疫微環境、促(cu)進組(zu)織(zhi)再生等機(ji)制(zhi)發(fa)揮(hui)治療作(zuo)用(yong)。
誘導多(duo)能(neng)干(gan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(iPSC)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)療法是另(ling)一項創新(xin)(xin)性(xing)突破。iPSC 由成(cheng)體細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)經重編程獲得(de),擁有類似胚(pei)胎干(gan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的(de)多(duo)能(neng)性(xing)。它克服了胚(pei)胎干(gan)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)來源的(de)倫理(li)問(wen)題,可根據患者自身(shen)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)定制,降低免疫排斥風(feng)險。iPSC 能(neng)分(fen)化為各類細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao),用(yong)于疾(ji)病建模、藥(yao)物篩選以及細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)移植治療,為帕金森病、糖(tang)尿病等疾(ji)病的(de)治療帶來新(xin)(xin)曙光。
基因(yin)(yin)(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)技術(shu)則(ze)是(shi)細胞(bao)基因(yin)(yin)(yin)治(zhi)療(liao)的(de)關鍵支撐。它負(fu)責將治(zhi)療(liao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)基因(yin)(yin)(yin)安(an)全、效率(lv)(lv)高地遞(di)(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)至靶(ba)細胞(bao)。轉(zhuan)染試劑是(shi)基因(yin)(yin)(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)常用工具(ju)之(zhi)一,通過特定(ding)機(ji)制將外源基因(yin)(yin)(yin)導入(ru)細胞(bao)。基因(yin)(yin)(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)技術(shu)面(mian)臨(lin)遞(di)(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)效率(lv)(lv)、靶(ba)向(xiang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、安(an)全性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等挑戰,理想的(de)遞(di)(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)系統需準確地將基因(yin)(yin)(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)至病(bing)(bing)變細胞(bao),避免(mian)脫(tuo)靶(ba)效應(ying)(ying),同(tong)時不引發免(mian)疫反應(ying)(ying)和毒(du)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。病(bing)(bing)毒(du)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(如腺相(xiang)關病(bing)(bing)毒(du)載(zai)體(ti)(ti))和非病(bing)(bing)毒(du)載(zai)體(ti)(ti)(如脂質納(na)米(mi)顆粒(li))是(shi)目前主流的(de)基因(yin)(yin)(yin)遞(di)(di)(di)(di)送(song)(song)(song)載(zai)體(ti)(ti),科研人員(yuan)不斷優(you)化載(zai)體(ti)(ti)設計,以(yi)提升(sheng)基因(yin)(yin)(yin)治(zhi)療(liao)的(de)有效性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和安(an)全性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。
細胞基(ji)因治療憑借(jie)干細胞療法、iPSC 細胞療法和基(ji)因遞送技術等不斷(duan)發(fa)展,有望為更(geng)多難(nan)治性(xing)疾(ji)病提供治愈方案,變革(ge)未來(lai)醫學(xue)格局(ju)。